I don't know what's going on in your case, but here are some thoughts:
1) the emails you get are spam, not sent from Facebook but some kind of phishing scam.
2) I suppose it's possible that some of your email contacts accepted Facebook's invitation to import their email address books into Facebook, and then Facebook is able to spam you since they now have your address. If several of your friends are on Facebook and they all imported their address books, then Facebook would know this and can send you a list of people who have you as a contact. I did not know that Facebook does this, and in fact I am skeptical that they do. I know that it is possible for me to generate an email to any of my contacts inviting them to join Facebook. I assume you've checked with your friends that they did not, in fact, invite you?
3) It's possible that a 3rd party application grabbed your friend's email contacts and used them for this nefarious purpose. I don't know how well Facebook vets their "apps".
If none of your friends imported their address books knowingly, I see no way for Facebook to have your email address, although perhaps your friends did this unknowingly.
I have a Facebook account, but I rarely use it, and I don't see the appeal. I have never received an email like you describe from Facebook. Very rarely, I get a "friend invitation" in my email box from some apparently total stranger on Facebook. This seems easy enough for anyone to do. I believe I could prevent it by changing my settings. but I don't want to, so I haven't made an effort to block these. I've only gotten a few so it's not a nuisance.
OTOH if you are *not* a Facebook member I don't see any way to stop these emails from coming to you. The best advice I can offer is to mark these emails as spam and hope your filter carries them away transparently into your trash.
It does strike me as an invasion of privacy for a legit company to send emails to addresses of non-members. So blech. But again I have doubts that they are actually doing this.
The CIA angle is interesting, but I just don't feel concerned, as long as what they're doing is "legal". They are welcome to look at any of the public stuff on my Facebook page. It will induce a huge yawn. They probably already know all the private stuff, too.